Metr 302.01
March 10, 2004
Tiffany O'Neal and Hui Xie
Class Notes
Air must cool for moisture to condense. Fog is often seen at places where condensation has occurred.
Cyclones are associated with bad weather, cloudiness, and precipitation. Cloudiness and precipitation is related with condensation; therefore, cooling is associated with cyclone.
In Meteorology, ÒupÓ means the increase in elevation.
One Way That Air Cools
Theory: Rising air cools.
Illustration of the concept: When air is being pumped into the bicycle tire, both the tire and the spigot feel warm because air is compressed. The molecules are closer together, and so they vibrate more, and the temperature goes up. When you let the air escape, the air feels cool, because it is expanding and the molecules are further apart.
Pressure decreases upwards in the atmosphere.
The AirÕs Rate of Cooling/Warming: 5.5 Fahrenheit per 1000 feet. For every 1000 feet that air rises/decreases, the temperature is 5.5 degree F cooler/warmer.
Example:
If air is rising, and the temperature at ground level is 60F, the dew point temperature is 55F, it would take about 1,000 feet for the air to cool to the dew point. You can find clouds and precipitation at that level.
(See Methods of Cooling Air: http://tornado.sfsu.edu/geosciences/classes/m356/Cooling.htm )
When wind is centered into a common point in the atmosphere in a low pressure area, air must be rising.
Examples of Scientific Method:
90% of the time, surface lows are associated with clouds and precipitation. This can be explained using the theory: Rising air cools. Because that rising air cools, air can be cool to the dew point and clouds can form. Only in lows, do we have rising air (In highs, there is sinking air).
Lows are often called Low Storms in TV, because clouds and precipitation are associated with them.
Take Sierra Nevada for example:
Most rainfalls occur on the west side of the mountains, and the east side is essentially a desert. All trees are at the windward side of the mountain (the side of the mountain that has the prevailing wind). This is true for all mountains. Explanation: Rising air cools.
Since wind blows west to east in the U.S., air is forced to rise on the windward (west) side of the mountain and cools to dew point temperature, producing precipitation, and so, much of the rainfall is on the west side.
The windward side of the Himalayas Mts. is in the south, because it has southerly wind that blows from the Indian Ocean.
Two researchers (Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons) said they discovered a way to produce energy that was cheaper, faster and very compact. The two researchers did not submit their finding to peer review. Other researchers tried to duplicate the experiment with some success however, when they tried to replicate the project again it failed. Some scientist tried to redo the new findings with no success at all. Ultimately cold fusion with its bad rep was abandoned for several years however, many researchers today are going back to see if they can create a sufficient way to use cold fusion.
- We also discussed the invention of a non-nuclear weapon created in the pentagon. The scientist did not submit their findings to peer review. Like cold fusion, when other scientist tried to replicate the project it was to no success.
While many researches try to avoid peer review because of its longevity and want to make money quickly, it turns out to be the safest route because peer review will try to eliminate any mishaps about the project before it goes public.
1. Introduction
2. Must explain what the scientific method is
3. Explain how three people used the scientific method. The paper must paraphrase how each person utilizes the scientific method
4. Discussion
5. References (cut and paste references from the web)
You must use the same title and have the same headings as found on under the first writing assign on the class page.
500mb
chart
On the 500mb chart wind tends to blow parallel to the isobars in this type of map and the isobars are closer together when the wind is blowing faster.