Name _________________________
Date __________________________
Meteorology 403
Fall 2006
Lab 2
Vertical
Consistency
and Analysis of
Thickness
1. All labs are to be kept in a three hole binder. Turn in the binder when you have finished the Lab.
2. Show all work in mathematical problems. No credit given if only
answer is provided.
A. The
Hypsometric Equation
The hydrostatic equation states that, for the synoptic-scale atmosphere, the vertical pressure gradient force in a column of air is balanced by the weight of that air column; thus, the vertical acceleration is zero. Note that this does not mean that there is an ABSENCE of vertical motion, but just that such motion is in steady state (not changing in time).
The hydrostatic equation is
(1)
In finite difference form, equation (1) may be written
(2)
which relates the "thickness" (i.e., vertical extent) of an air column to the change in pressure per unit mass in that air column. Since density can not be measured directly, the equation of state
(3)
may be substituted into (1). If the air column is taken to be that which extends from 1000 mb to 500 mb, the following results in finite difference form
(4)
where z500 is the 500 mb height and z1000 is the 1000 mb height. Equation (4) states the thickness of the 1000-500 mb layer is directly proportional to the mean (virtual) temperature of that layer. The general form of equation (4) is known as the HYPSOMETRIC EQUATION.
B. Questions
and Exercises
Question 1: Explain by using the physical interpretation of the hypsometric relation why the mean height of the tropopause (at the 200 mb level) is 16 km at the equator, 12 km in the middle latitudes and 8 km at the poles. What assumptions did you have to make to answer the question (Hint: one assumption is that the tropopause is near the 200 mb level all the time.)
Question 2: (a) Explain why cyclones with asymmetric temperature
distributions are found progressively tilted towards cold air
with increasing elevation. Illustrate with schematic cross-sections.
(b) Explain why surface cyclones with warm
cores (thermal lows) weaken with height but are Òvertically stackedÓ. Illustrate with schematic cross-sections.
Exercise 1: Thickness Maps: Graphical Subtraction
Bluestein, pp. 186-187.
Djuric, Fig. 6-1, p. 89. Appendix 1.
Figure 1a is the 500 mb chart and Fig. 1b the 1000 mb chart (heights in m at 60 m interval) for a day in which a surface low with an asymmetric temperature distribution can be found in the western U.S. Fig. 2a is the 500 mb chart and Fig. 2b the 1000 mb chart (heights in m at 30 m interval) for a day in which a warm core low can be found in the western U.S.
Procedure discussed in class.
(a) Prepare thickness charts for each of these models to show the horizontal distribution of 1000-500 mb thickness in decameters. (See Appendix 1)
(b) Assuming the 1000 mb winds are geostrophic, show the type of advection through the 1000-500 mb layer. The color convection is red arrows indicate warm advection, blue arrows indicate cold advection. One arrow is placed at each intersection of the 1000 mb contours and the thickness lines. Motion is assumed parallel to the 1000 mb contours. Motion from high thickness is considered warm advection and vice versa.
(c) Given your answer to Question 1 and your procedure/results from Homework 2, determine the mean temperature which corresponds to each thickness contour. Label each thickness contour with its value in decameters and in mean 1000-500 mb temperature.
Exercise 2
Taking the derivative with respect to time of both sides of equation (4) yields:
(5)
(Fill in the resulting modified equation above.)
In Metr 406 you created a Fortran program which computes thicknesses on the bases of the mean temperature[1] of the layer. In the spot forecasting portion of the course, you will need to have a way to quickly obtain a temperature change on the basis of the ETA forecast thickness change. Extract that portion of your Fortran program that computes the thickness and modify it so that you may use it both to (a) compute thickness of a layer if you know the mean temperature of the layer and vice versa; and, (b) to compute the thickness change experienced by a layer if you know the temperature change experienced by the layer and vice versa (to be used in the spot forecasting contest).
NO BORROWING ANYONE ELSEÕS WORK FOR THIS.
After making sure it works, print out a text listing of the
program and submit it with the lab.
Appendix 1. Procedure:
Thickness Maps:
Graphical Subtraction
1. Obtain a hard copy (or construct one) of the 1000 mb heights contoured at 60 or 30 meter intervals. (Note: negative heights refer to the 1000 mb heights obtained hysometrically from surface temperatures and pressures, where the integration is from 1000 mb to the surface pressure). Enlarge the contour values in black, so that they will be clearly visible.
2. (a) Obtain a transparency overlay of the 500 mb heights analyzed at 60 meter intervals, standard contours, AND AT THE SAME SCALE as the 1000 mb height map.
(b) Highlight the 500 mb contours in a color different than red or black, and make sure the contour values are clearly visible by enlarging them in the same color.
3. Place the 500 mb transparent overlay in register on top of the 1000 mb chart.
4. Obtain a clean acetate and red grease pencil.
5. (a) Overlay (4) on (3).
(b) At each intersection of 1000 and 500 mb contours plot a small red ÒXÓ.
(c) Perform a subtraction of heights at a few locations (as shown in class) and plot the value of the difference (the 1000-500 mb thickness) in red to the upper right of the respective red ÒXÓ.
6. Begin drawing a thickness contour (red dashed) as shown in class.
(a) Thickness contours can cross 1000 or 500 mb contours only at intersections (as marked by your red ÒXÓÕs.
(b) If you are drawing a thickness contour Òdown the gradientÓ (i.e., from higher values of heights to lower values of heights), remember that the next intersection to be crossed will be the one on the next lower 1000 and 500 mb height contours, as shown in class.
(c) When you are satisfied with your analysis, transfer final copy to your hard copy 1000 mb height map.